“An intelligent computer system could be as simple as a program that plays chess or as complex as a driverless car,” Mary-Anne Williams, professor of social robotics at the University of Technology, Sydney, said.
So what is Artificial Intelligence?
Refer to the definition of Techopedia Made for this emerging technology – Artificial Intelligence(AI) they think it is “a branch of computer science that aims to create intelligent machines.” that can be achieving “certain traits” such as “Learning without any kind of supervision requires an ability to identify patterns in streams of inputs”
Technical overview of Artificial Intelligence
• Natural Language Processing (NLP)
NLP is concerned with natural language front ends to computer programs, computer-based
speech understanding, text understanding and generation, and related applications. A detailed
overview of NLP is given in Gevarter (1983). (AN OVERVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS, 2018)
• Computer Vision
Computer Vision is concerned with enabling a computer to see—to identify or understand what it sees, to locate what it is looking for, etc. A detailed overview of Computer Vision is given in Gevarter (1982B). (AN OVERVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS, 2018)
• Expert Systems
Expert Systems is perhaps the “hottest” topic in AI today. How do we make a computer act as if it was an expert in some domain? For example, how do we get a computer to perform medical diagnosis or VLSI design? A detailed overview of Expert Systems is given in Gevarter (1982A). (AN OVERVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS, 2018)
• Problem Solving and Planning
There are many problems for which there are no experts, but nevertheless, computer programs for their solutions are needed. In addition, there are some basic planning systems that are more concerned with solution techniques than with knowledge. A comprehensive overview of problem solving and planning is given in Chapter VI of Part B and Chapter II of Part C of this report. (AN OVERVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS, 2018)
Based on these basic elements, Nilsson identified four principal AI application areas
Historical influences in Artificial Intelligence – Robotics
The history of AI is a history of fantasies,
possibilities, demonstrations, and
promise. Ever since Homer wrote of mechanical
“tripods” waiting on the gods at dinner,
imagined mechanical assistants have been
a part of our culture. However, only in the last
half century have we, the AI community, been
able to build experimental machines that test
hypotheses about the mechanisms of thought
and intelligent behavior and thereby demonstrate
mechanisms that formerly existed only
as theoretical possibilities. Although achieving
full-blown artificial intelligence remains in the
future, we must maintain the ongoing dialogue
about the implications of realizing the
promise. (A (Very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence, 2018)
If we track time backward to the modern history of AI. In 1956, ten scientists convened a conference at Dartmouth College from which emerged the present field of AI. (AN OVERVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS, 2018)And in the 1980s Natural language interfaces (NLI’s) which is the first commercial AI product. ROBOT, (now INTELLECT, by the Artificial Intelligence Corp., Waltham, MA), had developed and now exists in over 200 installations.(AN OVERVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS, 2018)
The Social Impacts
The U.S. Defense Science Board has ranked AI as one of the top 10 military technologies of the 80’s. Not only will human-level expertise and decision making capabilities show up in machines, but the task of achieving these results will help us understand how our minds work as well. （(An overview of artificial intelligence and robotics: volume 1 – artificial intelligence: part A, 2018)）Not only that, there are more and more association are interested in AI technology, including Robotics, Such as the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) (formerly the American Association for Artificial Intelligence). It is a nonprofit scientific society devoted to advancing the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines. AAAI aims to promote research in, and responsible use of, artificial intelligence. AAAI also aims to increase public understanding of artificial intelligence, improve the teaching and training of AI practitioners, and provide guidance for research planners and funders concerning the importance and potential of current AI developments and future directions. (Aaai.org, 2018)
Reference :
A (Very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence. (2018). 1st ed. Bruce G. Buchanan, p.1.
What is Artificial Intelligence?. (2018). [image] Available at: http://bigdata.black/training/tutorials/what-is-artificial-intelligence/ [Accessed 27 Apr. 2018].
Artificial Intelligence To Contribute $320 Billion To The Middle East By 2030. (2018). [image] Available at: https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/artificial-intelligence-to-contribute-320-billion-to-the-middle-east-by-2030/ [Accessed 27 Apr. 2018].
Unknown, (2018). [image] Available at: https://onecareer.com/ailangchaodailaixinyibojiuyejihuiquanqiubaiqiangaichuangyegongsimingdangongbunixiangqunayijia/ [Accessed 27 Apr. 2018].
AN OVERVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS. (2018). [ebook] National Aeronautics and Space Administration Headquarters Washington, D.C. 20546, p.13. Available at: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-3b325954f686676ca69d9fcda90471ff/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-3b325954f686676ca69d9fcda90471ff.pdf [Accessed 27 Apr. 2018].
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics. (2018). [ebook] National Aeronautics and Space Administration Headquarters Washington, D.C. 20546, p.14. Available at: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-3b325954f686676ca69d9fcda90471ff/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-3b325954f686676ca69d9fcda90471ff.pdf [Accessed 27 Apr. 2018].
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics. (2018). [ebook] National Aeronautics and Space Administration Headquarters Washington, D.C. 20546, p.15. Available at: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-3b325954f686676ca69d9fcda90471ff/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-3b325954f686676ca69d9fcda90471ff.pdf [Accessed 27 Apr. 2018].
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics. (2018). [ebook] National Aeronautics and Space Administration Headquarters Washington, D.C. 20546, p.63. Available at: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-3b325954f686676ca69d9fcda90471ff/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-3b325954f686676ca69d9fcda90471ff.pdf [Accessed 27 Apr. 2018].
An overview of artificial intelligence and robotics: volume 1 – artificial intelligence: part A. (2018). 1st ed. [ebook] National Aeronautics and Space Administration Headquarters Washington, D.C. 20546, p.67. Available at: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-3b325954f686676ca69d9fcda90471ff/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-3b325954f686676ca69d9fcda90471ff.pdf [Accessed 27 Apr. 2018].
Aaai.org. (2018). Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. [online] Available at: http://www.aaai.org/ [Accessed 27 Apr. 2018].